Vitalik Buterin Sees 60% Chance SNARKs, FHE and iO Reach Sub-10x Overhead Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin said he believes there is a 6…
Vitalik Buterin Sees 60% Chance SNARKs, FHE and iO Reach Sub-10x Overhead
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin said he believes there is a 60% chance that SNARKs, fully homomorphic encryption and indistinguishability obfuscation could eventually be implemented with single-digit computational overhead, and a 33% chance that all three could approach near-zero additional overhead for large real‑world workloads. He added that at least one of the technologies, most likely SNARKs, could reach sub‑10x overhead by the end of this decade, noting that specialized hash functions and some LLM inference workloads are already approaching that level.